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OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the association between exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) and 23 diseases, categorized into four classifications, among the Chinese population.@*METHODS@#We searched the literature up to June 30, 2021, and eligible studies were identified according to the PECOS format: Participants and Competitors (Chinese population), Exposure (SHS), Outcomes (Disease or Death), and Study design (Case-control or Cohort).@*RESULTS@#In total, 53 studies were selected. The odds ratio (OR) for all types of cancer was 1.79 (1.56-2.05), and for individual cancers was 1.92 (1.42-2.59) for lung cancer, 1.57 (1.40-1.76) for breast cancer, 1.52 (1.12-2.05) for bladder cancer, and 1.37 (1.08-1.73) for liver cancer. The OR for circulatory system diseases was 1.92 (1.29-2.85), with a value of 2.29 (1.26-4.159) for stroke. The OR of respiratory system diseases was 1.76 (1.13-2.74), with a value of 1.82 (1.07-3.11) for childhood asthma. The original ORs were also shown for other diseases. Subgroup analyses were performed for lung and breast cancer. The ORs varied according to time period and were significant during exposure in the household; For lung cancer, the OR was significant in women.@*CONCLUSION@#The effect of SHS exposure in China was similar to that in Western countries, but its definition and characterization require further clarification. Studies on the association between SHS exposure and certain diseases with high incidence rates are insufficient.
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Child , Female , Humans , Asthma/epidemiology , Breast Neoplasms , East Asian People , Lung Neoplasms/etiology , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects , ChinaABSTRACT
Chinese patent medicine (CPM) is an important part of traditional and Chinese medicine (TCM). Its quality has direct impact on the safety and effectiveness of clinical use. The quality standard is the pivotal approach to guarantee the quality of CPM. Due to the complex material basis, multitudinous quality influencing factors and unveiled active ingredients, dose-effect relationship and action mechanism, the investigation on quality standard faces many difficulties. This paper surveys the current quality status of CPM and the general situation of CPM standards. At present, the dosing problem has the crucial impact on the quality of CPM. The current quality standard system of CPM is confirmed and the limitations are indicated. Based on the above analysis, the principles and considerations on investigation of quality standard are proposed as follows: ① Adhere to safety as the bottom line, strengthen the risk-control ability of the standard of CPM; ② Adhere to theory of TCM and comprehensive quality, improve the integrative control level of the CPM standard; ③ Emphasize technological development and innovation, promote the quality control competence of CPM standard; ④ Facilitate planning and coordination, optimize the management of the CPM standard system; ⑤ Reinforce investigation on evaluation method, develop grade evaluation standard, accelerate high-quality development of CPM. Finally, the future perspective on investigation of CPM quality standard is prospected.
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N 6-methyladenosine (m 6A) modification, as the most prevalent epigenetic modification of RNA, plays a crucial role in the initiation and development of malignancies. Methyltransferase like protein 14 (METTL14) is a major methylase catalyzing m 6A modification and regulating biological processes such as RNA splicing, translation and degradation. Recent studies have demonstrated that METTL14 not only regulates the growth, invasion and metastasis of tumors through various molecular mechanisms, but also is closely correlated with the prognosis of tumor patients and clinical efficacy of anti-tumor therapies. In-depth understanding of the mechanism of METTL14 in breast, digestive system and urinary system tumors is helpful to provide new clinical markers and drug targets for the prevention and treatment of tumors based on m 6A modification.
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ObjectiveTo explore the effect and mechanism of Xiaojindan extract （XJD） on macrophage polarization. MethodLipopolysaccharide （LPS） and interleukin-4 （IL-4） were used to induce M1 and M2 polarization of RAW264.7 cells. The influence of 10-80 mg·L-1 XJD on cell proliferation was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 （CCK-8） assay. Nitric oxide （NO） and interleukin-6 （IL-6） release was explored by Griess assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）， respectively. The mRNA expression of M1 and M2 macrophage markers was measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）， and the CD206+ expression was determined by flow cytometry. The activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B （PI3K/Akt） pathway was analyzed by western blot. Result10-80 mg·L-1 XJD showed no marked cytotoxicity in LPS （0.5 mg·L-1）- or IL-4 （20 μg·L-1）-induced RAW264.7 cells. Compared with the control group， LPS significantly promoted the expression of M1 macrophage markers （P<0.01）， including increased NO and IL-6 release （P<0.01） and upregulated mRNA expression of interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS）， cyclooxygenase-2 （COX-2） and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） （P<0.01）. Compared with LPS-induced group， 20-80 mg·L-1 XJD decreased the release of NO and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner （P<0.01）， and similarly 10-80 mg·L-1 XJD suppressed the mRNA expression of IL-1β， iNOS， COX-2 and TNF-α （P<0.01）. Compared with the control group， IL-4 obviously increased the expression of M2 macrophage markers （P<0.01）， including increased CD206+ cell population and upregulated mRNA expression of arginine-1 （Arg-1）， interleukin-10 （IL-10）， interleukin-13 （IL-13） and transforming growth factor-β1 （TGF-β1）. Compared with IL-4-induced group， 10-80 mg·L-1 XJD dose-dependently decreased CD206+ cell population （P<0.01） and inhibited the mRNA expression of Arg-1， IL-10， IL-13 and TGF-β1 （P<0.01）. Western blot showed that XJD significantly downregulated the activation of PI3K/Akt pathway as compared to LPS- and IL-4-induced groups （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionXJD significantly inhibited the macrophage polarization in the LPS- and IL-4-induced RAW264.7 cells by targeting PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Objective:To explore the relationship between diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameter of fractional anisotropy (FA) and recovery of upper-extremity motor function in patients with ischemic stroke. Methods:From January to December, 2019, 20 ischemic stroke patients accepted routine medication and rehabilitation for three weeks. They received DTI examination and were measured FA of the infarct and the corresponding area on the contralateral side, the cerebral foot and the posterior limb of internal capsule of affected and unaffected sides, while the bilateral FA ratio (rFA) of them were calculated, before and after treatment. Meanwhile, all the patients were assessed with Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremity (FMA-UE). Results:The FMA-UE score improved after treatment (t = 9.074, P < 0.001), while FA and rFA increased in infarct area (t > 14.519, P < 0.001). The difference before and after treatment of FA and rFA in all of the areas positively correlated with that of FMA-UE scores (r = 0.445~0.565, P < 0.05), which was the most in posterior limb of internal capsule of the affected side. Conclusion:FA of DTI alters with the recovery of motor function of the upper extremity after ischemic stroke, especially in the posterior limb of internal capsule.
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OBJECTIVE@#To measure the dimensional data of complete dentures and to design a novel tray for recording maxillomandibular relationship of edentulous patients.@*METHODS@#For the measurement, 100 pairs of complete dentures from the clinic were surveyed for the following parameters: a1, the distance between the middle fossa of the upper left and right first molars; a2, the anterior-posterior distance between the middle fossa of the upper first molars and the incisal edge; a3, the width of the upper denture; a4, the anterior-posterior length of the upper denture; a51, the height from the mesio-lingual cusp of the right upper first molar to the saddle surface; a52, the height from the central fossa of the right lower first molar to the saddle surface; a6, the height from the notch of the upper lip frenulum to the upper central incisor edge; a7, the least thickness of the labial saddle base in the upper central incisor region. Based on the data, the trays with different sizes were designed and fabricated, and the key parameters were: b1, the distance between the foramina of screw posts, b2, the anterior-posterior distance between the foramina of the screw posts and the incisal edge; b3, the width of the tray; b4, the anterior-posterior length of the tray; b51, the height of the posterior platform with the screw nut; b52, the height of the screw post; b6, the height of the anterior tray handle; b7, the thickness of the anterior tray handle.@*RESULTS@#The minimum, average and maximum data for each parameter were (in millimeter): a1: 37.1, 44.5, and 59.6; a2: 22.6, 29.0, and 38.1; a3: 48.5, 58.2, and 76.6; a4: 37.4, 50.8, and 61.0; a51: 5.6, 9.5, and 14.7; a52: 3.8, 9.9, and 18.8; a6: 8.9, 16.6, and 24.7; a7: 1.2, 2.8, and 5.9. Based on the data, the trays in small, medium and large sizes were designed and fabricated. In clinical application, the putty silicone rubber impression material was used to reline the tray, meanwhile the posterior platform and anterior tray handle were set as the occlusal plane, then the screw posts were added and adjusted till the proper vertical dimension, after that, the putty silicone rubber impression material was added around the screw posts to record the horizontal maxillomandibular relationship, finally, the anterior surface of the tray handle was used to record the midline of the face and lower edge of the upper lip at rest and with smile.@*CONCLUSION@#The dimensional data offered reference for the analysis of restoration space in edentulous patients. The tray designed and fabricated in this study may serve as a new tool for recording the maxillomandibular relationship.
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Humans , Dental Impression Technique , Denture, Complete , Incisor , Lip , Mouth, Edentulous , Vertical DimensionABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the stability of baicalein-7-O-diglucoside. METHODS: The chromatographic purity of baicalein-7-O-diglucoside and its solution in different condition was analyzed by HPLC-DAD. The degradation products of baicalein-7-O-diglucoside in its solvent were identified by LC-MS. Three degradation products in the solvent of baicalein-7-O-diglucoside were identified with applying electrospray ionization(ESI) source in the positive ion mode.RESULTS: ① Baicalein-7-O-diglucoside was stable with light and in 40, 80 and 105 ℃ within the inspection time in solid state. ②Baicalein-7-O-diglucoside in water was stable in room temperature and degrades quickly in 50%methanol and 50% ethanol. ③The degradation products of baicalein-7-O-diglucoside in solvent were 7-methoxy baicalein, 7-ethoxy baicalein and baicalein. The above research provides that baicalein-7-O-diglucoside is stable in solid state. Baicalein-7-O-diglucoside degrades in 50% methanol and 50% ethanol. CONCLUSION: Water should be used as the solvent for solution of baicalein-7-O-diglucoside. The solution of baicalein-7-O-diglucoside should be made up before use or stored in the refrigerator immediately after preparation.
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We determined a component-target-disease network for Carthamus tinctorius L. and the key compounds, identified by topological analysis, were related to vasculitis, coronary heart and cerebrovascular disease. Based on these compounds, the chromatographic fingerprint of Carthamus tinctorius L. was established. Firstly, 132 compounds were obtained from TCMID and TCMSP databases. Their targets were predicted in the PharmMapp and HemMapper databases. CardioGenBase, Therapeutic Target Database and DisGeNET databases were used to collect targets of vasculitis, coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. The corresponding relationships between component and target protein were established by mapping. Finally, the "component-target-disease" network was built with Cytoscape software. The core network and key nodes were analyzed with the Cytohubba plug-in. The results showed that the 24 key compounds were alpha-tocopherol, adenosine, quinone chalcone pigments such as hydroxysafflor yellow A, safflower yellow, quercetin, kaempferol and other flavonoids, organic acids such as stearic acid, linolenic acid, coumaric acid and cinnamic acid. This resulting chromatographic fingerprint of Carthamus tinctorius L. showed good consistency, and the core chemical compounds obtained by topological analysis of the network of "component-target-disease", could be used as quality control markers. Our research provides a new approach for the identification of quality control indicators in Chinese medicinal materials.
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Objective: To establish an high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of four constituents in Niuhuang Qingwei pill (narirutin,naringin,hesperidin,and neohesperidin), and identify the source of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus. Method: The analysis was performed on a Waters CORTECS C18 column (4.6 mm×50 mm,2.7 μm), with acetonitrile-0.12% formic acid solution as the mobile phase for gradient elution. The flow rate was 0.5 mL·min-1, the detection wavelength was set at 283 nm, and the column temperature was 27℃. Result: 12 batches of Niuhuang Qingwei pills showed the different content of flavonoids as Citrus aurantium and C. sinensis. Narirutin,naringin,hesperidin and neohesperidin showed good linear relationships within the ranges of 5.47-2 735 ng (r=0.999 6),7.25-3 625 ng (r=0.999 5),8.41-4 205 ng (r=0.999 4) and 8.36-4 180 ng (r=0.999 5),and their average recoveries were 101.3% (n=6,RSD 2.9%),98.0% (n=6,RSD 1.8%),95.9% (n=6,RSD 0.8%) and 96.0% (n=6,RSD 1.1%), respectively. The contents of narirutin,naringin,hesperidin,neohesperidin and total flavonoids were 0.36-1.28,2.66-4.87,1.02-11.07,3.58-6.41,and 7.98-13.34 mg·g-1, respectively. Conclusion: The developed method was simple,accurate and reliable,which can be used to identify the source of Aurantii Immaturus Fructus and simultaneously determine the content of four flavonoids in Niuhuang Qingwei pills. It could provide basic research for quality control and composition comparison of 2 kinds of Niuhuang Qingwei pills, showing more comprehensive indicators and reference value for the quality standard improvement of Niuhuang Qingwei pill.
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Calculus Bovis is the dry gall-stone of Bos taurus domesticus Gmelin, which is the most precious traditional Chinese medicine for its incomparable therapeutic effects. In vitro cultured Calculus Bovis,cultured Calculus Bovis and artificial Calculus Bovis are developed as the substitutes of Calculus Bovis. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015 edition includes 89 Chinese patent drugs containing cow-bezoar and its substitutes. In this paper, the standards of Calculus Bovis and its substitutes in 89 Chinese patent drugs were reviewed to provide suggestions and reference for improving the relative standards. The qualities of Calculus Bovis and its substitutes of several Chinese patent drugs were summarized and analyzed based on the quality research of these drugs in recent years to offer suggestions for the revision of quality standards of relevant drugs and regulatory policy.
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Objective To investigate the effects of 72 h sleep deprivation(SD)on circadian clock gene expression in the rat liver.Methods Twelve rats were randomly divided into control group and SD group.An SD instrument was used to deprive the rats′sleep for 72 h.Then the abdominal cavity was exposed to obtain liver,and the expression of clock genes was detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis, respectively.Results Compared with the control group, the mRNA levels of clock,npas2 and rev-erbαstrikingly decreased in the livers of the SD group rats.However,per1,per2 and rorαmRNA levels obviously increased.bmal1 and cry1 mRNA expression hardly changed in the control and SD groups. Meanwhile,the protein levels of liver BMAL1,CLOCK,NPAS2,CRY1 and REV-ERBαwere significantly down-regulated and PER1,PER2 and RORαprotein levels were up-regulated in SD group compared with control group.Conclusion 72 h SD can result in abnormal expressions of several circadian clock genes in the rat liver at both transcriptional and translational levels.
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Objective To investigate the effects of 72 h sleep deprivation (SD) on circadian clock gene expression in the rat spleen.Methods The rats were randomly divided into control group and SD group.An SD instrument was used to deprive the rats of sleep for 72 h.Then the lymphocytes from the spleen were obtained by Ficoll seperation medium before the expression of clock genes was detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis respectively.Results Compared with the control group,the mRNA levels of bmal1,clock,per2 and rev-erbα strikingly decreased in the spleens of the SD group rats.However,npas2,per1,rorα and cry1 mRNA expression hardly changed in the control and SD group.Meanwhile,the protein levels of spleen BMAL1,NPAS2,CRY1 and RORα were significantly down-regulated and PER1 protein levels were up-regulated in SD group compared with control group.However REV-ERBα protein expression remained unchanged in the control and SD group.Conclusion 72 h SD can result in abnormal expressions of several circadian clock genes in lymphocytes of the spleen at both transcription and translation levels.
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Application of microscopic spectroscopy in quality control of Niuhuang Qingxin pills was discussed. First, microscopic characteristics specified by the statutory standard of Niuhuang Qingxin pills were summarized. Then new identification method was established for Dioscoreae Rhizoma, Saigae Tataricae Cornu, Cinnamomi Cortex and Saposhnikoviae Radix. Finally, microscopic spectroscopy was used for test of Dioscoreae Rhizoma's adulterant Dioscoreae Fordii Rhizoma.It was the first time for this technology being applied in adulteration test of Chinese patent medicine.The results showed that Saigae Tataricae Cornu was not detected in 2 batches of Niuhuang Qingxin pills from 1 manufacturer while Dioscoreae Fordii Rhizoma was detected in 3 batches of samples from 2 manufacturers. The proposed methods were accurate, simple, rapid, objective and economic, which offered a more comprehensive approach for quality control of Niuhuang Qingxin pills. It was indicated that conventional technology such as microscopic spectroscopy could play an important role in identification of traditional Chinese medicine whose index ingredient was deficient or tiny.
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The paper is aimed to establish a methods for identication of pearl powder and conch powder from different origins. Hermetic aluminum pan was used to encapsulate samples. The optimal testing conditions were: heating rate 10 degrees C x min(-1), sample weight 3 mg and nitrogen gas flow rate 40 mL x min(-1). The enthalpy values of pearl powder and conch powder was obvious different. Identication of pearl powder and conch powder by DSC is a practical method for its accuracy, convenience and practificality.
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Animals , Animal Shells , Chemistry , Calorimetry, Differential Scanning , Methods , China , Discriminant Analysis , Pinctada , Chemistry , Classification , Powders , ChemistryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality status of Sanqi Shangyao tablets. METHODS: Based on the results of statutory inspection and exploratory research, the quality evaluation regarding authenticity, effectiveness, and safety, was carried out. RESULTS: The qualified rate of inspection was 98.8%. Some problems, such as inconsistency of preparation process of standards and illegal dying, were discovered in some samples. CONCLUSION: In general, the overall quality of Sanqi Shangyao tablets is good. Some deficiency in the quality standards deserves further concern.
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OBJECTIVE: To study nucleosides in Safflower injection. METHODS: Nucleosides in Safflower injection were identified by LC-MS. The separation was performed on Phenomenex Gemini-C18 column. Gradient elution was carried out with mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-0.05% trifluoroacetic acid. Electrospray ionization source was applied and operated in the positive ion mode. Four nucleosides in Safflower injection were simultaneously determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column. The mobile phase was 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid aqueous solution at the flow rate of 0.4 mL·min-1. The assay was carried out at 40 °C with detection at 260 nm. RESULTS: Adenosine, guanosine, uridine and cytidine in safflower injection were identified. The relationship between the injection quality and the peak areas of the four nucleosides was all linear. The average recoveries (n=6) were in the range of 99.0%-101.4% and the RSDS were all less than 1.5%. The contents of the four nucleosides in tested samples were in the field of 0.033-0.162, 0.008-0.052, 0.048-0.184 and 0.031-0.064 mg·mL-1. CONCLUSION: There are four nucleosides in safflower injection. The contents of adenosine and uridine are relatively high. There was significant difference in the contents of the tested samples.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study antibacterial chemical constituents of Sarcandra glabra.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The constituents of the chloroform and EtOAc-soluble portions of the EtOH extract from the whole plant of S. glabra, which posses the antibacterial activities, were isolated and purified with column chromatography. The compounds were identified by physical and spectroscopic techniques.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Six compounds were isolated and identified as 4, 4'-biisofraxidin (1), esculetin (2), fraxetin (3), scoparone (4), isofraxidin (5), scopoletin(6), respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Compound 1 is a novel natural product. Compounds 24 were isolated from the plants of Chloranthaceae for the first time. The antibacterial activities of these six compounds were tested for the first time. Some compounds may have potential for future study and development as plant-derived oral antibacterial agents.</p>
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Anti-Bacterial Agents , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Coumarins , Pharmacology , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Magnoliopsida , Chemistry , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization , Spectrophotometry, Infrared , Streptococcus mutansABSTRACT
This paper summarizes the current research on chemical structure, pharmacology and structure-activity relationship of antitumor constituents, including quinoline and indole alkaloids, stilbenoids, diterpenes, pentacyclic triterpenes, flavones, lactones, amyloses, proteins et al, of chinese herbal. The prospect of studies of antitumor medicinal plants is discussed.
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Animals , Humans , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic , Chemistry , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Pharmacology , Neoplasms , Drug Therapy , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
This study was aimed to investigate the effects of xenogeneic antigen neu-Fc in combination with the recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) on the regulation of Th1 and Th2 immune response in vitro. The rat neu L2-S2 domain was engineered as a chimeric protein with human IgG Fc. The eukaryotic expression vector was constructed. The recombinant protein was stably expressed in CHO cells and purified by rProtein A Sepharose Fast Flow column. The recombinant protein was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) were obtained by means of standard Ficoll separation from the blood of healthy donors. Neu-Fc-induced PBMNC proliferation was tested by MTT. The production of IL-12 and IL-10 was measured by ELISA. The results showed that the level of IL-12 decreased and IL-10 increased after PBMNCs were incubated with MCF-7 cultural supernatant. 10 nmol/L neu-Fc strongly induced the cell proliferation. Compared with neu-Fc or GM-CSF or BCG treatment alone, neu-Fc in combination with GM-CSF and BCG significantly stimulated IL-12 production and inhibited IL-10 production (p < 0.01). It is concluded that the neu-Fc can stimulate the proliferation activity of PBMNCs. neu-Fc, GM-CSF and BCG costimulation efficiently induces Th1 immune response.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cricetinae , Humans , Rats , BCG Vaccine , Allergy and Immunology , CHO Cells , Cricetulus , Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor , Allergy and Immunology , Interleukin-10 , Metabolism , Interleukin-12 , Metabolism , Recombinant Proteins , Allergy and Immunology , Th1 Cells , Allergy and Immunology , Th2 Cells , Allergy and ImmunologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To identify two differentiation-associated proteins induced by rhIL-6 in M1 mouse myeloid leukemia cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Protein spots were excised from 2-D gels and digested in-gel with trypsin. The trypsin lysis products were first analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) through peptide mass fingerprinting and then performed peptide sequencing by nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (nano-ESI-MS/MS). The database search was finished with the Mascot search engine (http://www.matrixscience.co.uk) using the data processed through MaxEnt3 and MasSeq.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The two proteins were not revealed by peptide mass fingerprint using MALDI-TOF-MS, while they were respectively identified as Destrin and Putative protein after the sequence of their trypic peptides were obtained by the nano-ESI-MS/MS techniques.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Nano-ESI-MS/MS technique can successfully identify the two differentiation-associated proteins induced by rhIL-6 and has great advantage in protein analysis.</p>